心理学家Elisabeth Kübler Ross(伊莉莎白·库伯勒·罗斯)认为,人们面临诸如死亡这样的悲剧时,心态会先后经历五个阶段:“否认、愤怒、谈判、抑郁、接受”。而不同的阶段如果医生应对不合理,就会造成矛盾,甚至治疗方案无法实施。如何识别肿瘤患者不同的心理阶段就是医生必须要掌握的。
我将就美国乳腺癌电影《Five》中患者的表现来为大家进行分析。其中一段情节是影星Patricia Clarkson(派翠西娅·克拉克森)饰演的Mia,得知自己得了晚期乳腺癌后与医生的一段对话,把前四个心理阶段表现的淋漓尽致。让我们一起来欣赏一下。
第一阶段:Denial 否认与隔绝
对白:
Patient: Is that me?
Doctor: And this is yourtumor, here in your breast.
Patient: Is there a stage 5?I mean there must be like a stage 5, right?
Doctor: No, stage 4 is thehighest level.
Patient: As bad as it gets.Ooh, there is a stage 5, just called“Dead”. I’m goanna die.
Doctor: We’re going to moveaggressively. We’ve scheduled your surgery for Thursday.
Patient: Thursday? I can’tdo Thursday. The new stationary arrives at the school. I have to sign for it.If I’m not there, who’s goanna sign for the stationary?
Doctor: Okey, Friday .
Patient: Friday I’m gettingthe first massage. I’ve had in like a year.
Doctor: Mia, you reallyshouldn’t put this off. It is seriously.
从肢体语言看,患者斜视看屏幕,上眼睑下垂,面无表情,瘪嘴,上身僵硬等等这些都表示她对于医生所说的这个人,好像不是她,是第三者。
大多数患者无论是在一开始就被明确告知病情或是起初不明真相、随后意识到自己患有绝症时,第一反应往往经历否认这一阶段,产生不同程度的否认情绪,会在心里想:不,这不可能。
第二阶段:Anger 愤怒
对白:
Doctor: Mia, you reallyshouldn’t put this off. It is seriously.
Patient: No, this is a loadof crap. This , cancer thing. I did everything. I was supposed to my wholelife. Straight A’s, raised somewhat reasonable children. I work out. Okey , so maybe Iused to smoke, but I quit! I buy organic, I’ve been buying organic.Since it was called vegetables. I’m a doer, cancer doesn’t happen todoers. Okey , so maybe I shouldn’t have put off themammogram, but, but, but,……
从肢体语言看,患者面部肌肉紧张,眼睛睁大,脸红脖子粗,增加了手部动作,而且迅速比划,语速也同时加快。
此阶段当最初的否认无济于事,愤怒、狂燥、嫉妒、怨恨之情便开始出现,会自然而然的想:为什么会是我。愤怒的根源是由于生活秩序完全被打乱,无法充分享受生活、实现自己的人生计划等。
第三阶段:Bargaining 交涉
对白:
Doctor: This is a lot totake in, I know. Do you want me to call your husband? He can meet us here?
Patient: Hehe. Peter is thelast thing I need right now. He sells insurance. Always so worried about theworst happening and here it is happening. Besides, he’ in buffalo.
Doctor: Buffalo?
Patient: I’ve never beenanywhere. I’m named After Amelia Earhart. And I’ve never traveled.
从肢体语言看,面部表情要平静很多,肌肉也相对松弛了些,眼睛开始有神,但双手交叉的动作还是暴露了心理的想法。
这个阶段其实即是与残酷的事实讨价还价、做交涉和拖延时间,自我设定一个最后期限,在这个期限内实现一桩心愿、完成一件自我的承诺。
第四阶段:Depression 抑郁
对白:
Patient: How longdo I have?
Doctor: We neverknow. But with a diagnosis, like this. It’s good to get your affairsin order.
Patient: So thisis it?
Doctor: I , forone, am going to hope for the best. And you have to stay positive, too.
Patient: Clearlyyou don’t know me very well. It’s over. My life is over.
从肢体语言看,低头,双眉紧锁,上眼睑下垂,双颊的肌肉向鼻部紧凑,闭嘴,一种要哭未哭的状态。
当晚期患者无法做到一笑了之、无动于衷,也无法做到怨气冲天时,取而代之的将是一种强烈的失落感和焦虑,这种焦虑来自对生活、情感、工作等的焦虑,也来自病人在等待与这个世界永别的过程中产生的悲伤。
第五阶段:Acception 接受
经历了前面的几个阶段,最终进入到对死亡即不感沮丧又不感愤怒的阶段,这时候,不再惋惜自己将失去精彩的人生美景,而是开始默默守候离去的那一刻,对一切事物都不再有任何兴趣,重新找到了安宁。
演员通过演技表现她对人物的理解。作为医生平时有很多机会可以观察患者,通过观察了解患者的想法,才能更好地分辨患者此时的状态,调整自己的沟通内容,让患者度过心理的各个阶段。当然有人也提出这5个阶段不是按顺序的,我认为是否按顺序不重要,重要的是你是否知道患者现在所处哪种心理状态,就算患者不是按顺序发展的,但也可以根据患者现在的状态进行沟通。尝试观察一下你周围的患者,是否能分辨的清楚?
作者:码万祺 时间:2024-04-26 17:51:20 文章来源:原创
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